<p>Mill River Historic District is a historic district encompassing the traditional center of government and a former industrial mill village along the Konkapot River in the village of Mill River in New Marlborough, Massachusetts. The district is roughly bounded by Main Street and River Church, Southfield, Clayton, School, and Hayes Hill Roads. It encomasses about 425 acre, and contains mostly 19th century residential and civic buildings, as well as remnants of 19th century industrial activity.</p><br>
<p>The principal defining feature of the district is its narrow setting along the Konkapot River. The significant drop of the river in the area (129 ft over a 1.5 mi stretch of the river) prompted the construction of many dams and mills, of which remnants of eight survive. The housing stock in the village was built mainly in the first half of the 19th century, during the height of industrial activity, and features simple two story wood frame housing, usually with Greek Revival styling. Some houses predate the industrial period, and a number of houses were built later in the 19th century. The village declined in importance as an industrial center after the railroad was built through town, but not near the village, and most of its industrial infrastructure was eventually abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The civic buildings in the district include two Romanesque churches built in the 1860s, as well as the town hall, library, and school. A few commercial buildings from the era have also survived, including the current general store. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Village Historic District is a historic district encompassing a well-preserved 19th century mill village in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It is located on Cole Avenue and other streets east of Cole and south of the Hoosac River, which provided the mill&#39;s power. The original mill building was built in 1866 for a textile business operated by Williams College president Paul Chadbourne. The textile business operated until 1931, and was converted to the production of photographic paper in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Demand for workers led to a shortage of housing in the area, and a number of tenement-style double housing units were built near the mill by the company. A number of civic buildings, including a church, store, and school were also built to see to the workers&#39; needs. The village district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Monument Mills are historic textile mills in the Housatonic village of Great Barrington, Massachusetts. The Monument Mills Company operated a textile business at these sites between 1850 and 1955. Its facilities, which occupy both sides of the Housatonic River and from which they initially drew their power, underwent significant expansion and renovation over this period of use, predominantly in the 19th and early 20th century. A decline in demand and changing tastes in textiles brought about a decline in business, and the mills closed in 1955, thereafter suffering from vacancy and neglect. Today, the some parts of the complex house artists and small businesses.</p><br>
<p>The mill complexes were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Whitecliff Bay is a sandy bay near Foreland which is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, England about 2 miles south-west of Bembridge and just to the north of Culver Down. It is a tourist site , has a popular beach with two hundred metres of sand and shingle, and minimal facilities including 2 cafes. Access is limited and only possible down two steeply sloping concrete tracks.</p><br>
<p>It is of geological interest, being part of the Whitecliff Bay And Bembridge Ledges SSSI.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Whitecliff Bay, although lesser known than Alum Bay, has nearly identical geology to the latter, being a coastal section of the same strata which run east-west across the island. It displays a classic sequence of fossil-bearing Eocene beds of soft sands and clays, separated by an unconformity from the underlying Cretaceous Chalk Formation forming the headland of Culver Down to its south. Due to geological folding of the Alpine orogeny, the strata in the main section of the Bay are vertical, with younger rocks to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Whitecliff Bay was one of the landing points for the French invasion of the Isle of Wight (1545).</p><br>
<p>Owned by Martin Humphreys in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza Substation was an electrical substation that formed a part of the "Yellow Car" streetcar system operated by the Los Angeles Railway from the early 1900s until 1963. After being threatened with demolition in the 1970s, the Plaza Substation was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the substation</h2><br>
<p>In May 1903, Henry Huntington, owner of the Los Angeles Railway, announced plans to build a new substation near the old plaza. The Los Angeles Times reported: "Another mammoth electricity substation is to be constructed by the Los Angeles Railway Company. Its location will be on the Plaza, and its completion will mean a long step forward toward the perfection of a system that already is surpassed by few in this country." By 1905, the substation was operating, and the Times ran an article detailing the relationship between the railways four substations and its central power station at Sixth Street and Central Avenue. The Times described the role of the Plaza Substation this way:"From this place of manufacture, so to speak, the current is distributed to four other substations scattered over the city, known respectively as the Plaza, University, Westlake and South Park substations. In these there are no oil furnaces, boilers, or steam engines; only the electric current itself has to be dealt with, so that there is economy on the score both of plant and of labor. The central station, besides generating the electricity, also performs the work of a substation. It sends out about 40 per cent of the power used for the operation of the street cars on the Los Angeles Railway Companys system. The Plaza station, distributes the next 40 per cent used, while the three others combined account for the remaining 20 per cent."</p><br>
<h2>Closure of the Yellow Car system</h2><br>
<p>When the Yellow Cars stopped running in 1963, the building located along the citys old Mexican marketplace, Olvera Street, was converted to other uses. However, critics of the structure argued it was out of keeping with the pre-1900 flavor of Olvera Street and sought to remove it. In 1971, the Pueblo parks historian, Dr. Doyce Nunis, issued a report stating that the substation had "no identifiable historic value". Dr. Nunis wrote: "There was no identifiable distinguished architect involved (and) the design was commonplace."</p><br>
<h2>Debate over preservation</h2><br>
<p>After receiving the historians report, the citys Recreation and Parks Commission (with the support of Mayor Tom Bradley) voted 4-1 to demolish the building and replace it with a Mexican market and storage facility. At that point, Los Angeles Times architecture writer John Pastier published an article titled: "How Do You Make a Historical Monument? Tear Down a Historic Building?" Pastier noted that the Plaza Substation was the largest and most distinctive of the three surviving Yellow Car substations and urged the city to adapt the utilitarian structure into a tasteful tourist attraction as San Francisco had done with Ghirardelli Square and the Cannery. The State Park Departments director also stepped in opposing what he called the citys plan to turn the historic park into an amusement park. However, even the writers at the times were divided over preservation of the substation, as another columnist sided with the city and wrote:"Saving the MTA Powerhouse in the Plaza is another debatable project. Is it worth a continuing place along Olvera Street because it was a substation for our early transit system? Because it survives as a sturdy example of good contractor&#39;s performance? Because it sits near so much important history? I think the substation is an excellent example of the way conserving can become a disease."</p><br>
<p>A group called Californians for Preservation Action filed a lawsuit seeking to prevent the building&#39;s demolition, and a state court judge issued a restraining order halting the demolition. Ultimately, the Plaza Substation was saved, and funds set aside for its rehabilitation, as part of a settlement agreement reached in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The substation is one of the two buildings in the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District that is itself separately listed in the National Register of Historic Places, having been so listed in September 1978.</p><br>
<p>Pityilu Island is part of Manus Province in northern Papua New Guinea and part of the Admiralty Islands. It is off the northern coast of Manus Island and is nearly 4.8 km long and varies in width from 76 to 198 metres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pityilu Island was occupied by the Imperial Japanese forces in 1942.</p><br>
<p>On 30 March 1944, the island was assaulted by the reinforced 1st Squadron of 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. 59 Imperial Japanese were killed and 8 cavalrymen were killed with 6 wounded in the assault.</p><br>
<p>Pityilu Island was selected to become an airstrip for the use of the United States Navy with a Rest & Recreation facility designed to accommodate up to 10,000 servicemen. The facilities were constructed by the 140th Naval Construction Battalion in June 1944. Pityilu Airstrip consisted of a single runway, made of crushed coral 5,300 ft x 150 ft.</p><br>
<p>Iwai Island is an island of the Inland Sea in Japan. With a total altitude of 82 m, it lies at the south-eastern edge of the Yamaguchi Prefecture  at coordinates +33° 46&#39; 48.00" N, +131° 58&#39; 12.00" E.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from the ancient ritual of passing travellers and is in fact home to a ceremonial fishing dance specific to the island as noted in the crew journey log of the Hokule‘a on their journey from Micronesia to Japan.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, Chugoku Electric Power Company proposed building a nuclear power plant near Iwaishima, but many residents opposed the idea, and the island’s fishing cooperative voted overwhelmingly against the plans. In January 1983, almost 400 islanders staged a protest march, which was the first of more than 1,000 protests the islanders carried out. Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011 there has been wider opposition to construction plans for the plant.</p><br>
<p>The Château de Richelieu was an enormous 17th century chateau  built by the French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman Cardinal Richelieu  in Touraine. It was demolished for building materials in 1805 and almost nothing of it remains today. It lay south of Chinon and west of Sainte-Maure de Touraine, just south of what is now Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire, surrounded by mostly agricultural land.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1631 and 1642 on the site of the former du Plessis family mansion, the Château was at the heart of a several-hectare park located south of the current city. The site was designated a historical monument in September 1930.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Château, along with a new model village ( "new town"), was built at the order of Richelieu, who had spent his youth there and bought the village of his ancestors; he had the estate raised to a duché-pairie in August 1631. He engaged the architect Jacques Lemercier, who had designed the Sorbonne and the Cardinals hôtel in Paris, the Palais Cardinal (now the Palais-Royal). With the permission of King Louis XIII, Richelieu created from scratch a walled town on a grid arrangement, and, enclosing within its precincts the modest home of his childhood, an adjacent palace (the Château de Richelieu proper) surrounded by an ornamental moat and large imposing walls enclosing a series of entrance courts towards the town and, on the opposite side, grand axially-planned formal vista gardens of parterres and gravel walks, a central circular fountain, and views reaching to an exedra cut in the surrounding trees and pierced by an avenue in the woodlands extending to the horizon. The pleasure grounds were enclosed in woodland; since their innovative example was followed and extended at Vaux-le-Vicomte and in the gardens of Versailles, and since André Le Nôtres father was employed at Richelieu in 1629, it is not improbable that the young boy was employed as well. Construction took place between 1631 and 1642 – the year of the Cardinal&#39;s death – and employed around 2,000 workers.</p><br>
<p>At the Château de Richelieu, the Cardinal maintained one of the largest art collections in Europe and the largest collection of ancient Roman sculpture in France.</p><br>
<p>After a period of decline, the Château de Richelieu was dismantled in the 19th century — not for any great political reasons, but by an estate agent. It was sold, stone for stone, as building material. Elements of the fabric appear to have been reused on farms in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>The château</h3><br>
<h3>The grounds</h3><br>
<p>The château was approached by a long double allée of trees forming one of three avenues that met at a patte doie before the outer gates, which curved inwards to form half of a circle on the ground that was completed by the pattern formed by the three approaching approaches through the town; this nodal feature, with its flanking pavilions, survives, in the towns place du Cardinal. In the two spandrel shapes enclosed behind the outer walling were matching enclosed outer service courts. Through the arched central gateway the visitor entered the vast basse cour, with common stabling for a hundred horses in a flanking courtyard to the left, with barns and lodgings for gardeners and estate workers, and to the right, an identical courtyard with elite stabling, bakehouse and other offices. Continuing along the axis one passed through a smaller cour d&#39;honneur enclosed by matching ranges each with a central dome and end pavilions. There was a central fountain. Beyond was the rectangular moat that surrounded the château itself, with its inner court, reached across a central draw-bridge leading to the grand domed gatehouse, a handsome structure with Hercules and Mars in niches on either side and a statue of Louis XIII above, with a statue of Fame crowning the dome.</p><br>
<p>The inner court was about two-thirds the width of the avant-cour. The main corps de logis was domed; its left-hand range enclosed the modest house of Richelieu&#39;s youth. Wings enclosed the court on either side; once again they had end pavilions with squared domes. On the façades of the piano nobile there were niches in the piers between windows, containing statues, and niches in the ground floor containing busts.</p><br>
<p>The garden front looked onto a square parterre that was itself surrounded by moats and reached by a central bridge. Like the two outer courts, it was divided in four plats with a central feature. To either side a major cross-axis extended the patterned gardens. Ahead, at the terminus of the main axis, the woods drew back in an exedra.</p><br>
<h3>The site today</h3><br>
<p>The walled gardens of the Château remain and are open as a public park. A few fragments of the palace buildings remain, such as the bridges over the moats, the "Honour Gateway", and some buildings from the service ranges; one of the latter is in use as a kind of museum or information centre and includes pictures and models of the palace as it once was. This building is covered in carved graffiti from visitors to the site, dating back at least as far as 1905, and including dated initials from the periods of both World War I and World War II, plus some graffiti from bearers of the Richelieu name.</p><br>
<p>There is a small shop and management office at the entrance, and a car park between that and the town.</p><br>
<h3>Historical images</h3><br>
<h3>Extant remnants</h3><br>
<p>The Alpha Hydraulic Diggings are located one mile north of what was the town of Alpha during the California Gold Rush in 1850, but the site is now near the unincorporated town of Washington, California. The diggings became a registered California Historical Landmark  on January 29, 1958. The plaque&#39;s inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>ALPHA AND OMEGA</p><br>
<p>One mile north of here were the towns of Alpha and Omega, named by gold miners in the early 1850s. The tremendous hydraulic diggings, visible from near this point, engulfed most of the original townsites. Alpha was the birthplace of famed opera singer Emma Nevada. Mining at Omega continued until 1949, and lumbering operations are carried on there today (1958).</p><br>
<p>California Registered Historical Landmarks Nos. 628-629</p><br>
<p>The Omega Hydraulic Diggings are located 1 mi north of what was the town of Omega, California during the California Gold Rush. The site is southeast of the unincorporated town of Washington, California. From SR 20, the diggins are reachable via the gravel Omega Road which merges with Forest Route 29 in small sections.</p><br>
<p>The hydraulic diggings became a registered California Historical Landmark (No. 629) on January 1, 1958. The plaque&#39;s inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>ALPHA AND OMEGA</p><br>
<p>One mile north of here were the towns of Alpha and Omega, named by gold miners in the early 1850s. The tremendous hydraulic diggings, visible from near this point, engulfed most of the original townsites. Alpha was the birthplace of famed opera singer Emma Nevada. Mining at Omega continued until 1949, and lumbering operations are carried on there today (1958).</p><br>
<p>California Registered Historical Landmarks Nos. 628-629</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office &ndash; Los Angeles Terminal Annex, also known simply as Terminal Annex, located at 900 North Alameda Street in Los Angeles, California, was the central mail processing facility for Los Angeles, from 1940 to 1989.</p><br>
<p>Across Cesar Chavez Avenue from Union Station, the Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival building of Terminal Annex, which was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and opening</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, the Terminal Annex was built by the Sarver & Zoss contracting firm from 1939 to 1940. The building was built for the purpose of processing all incoming and outgoing mail in Los Angeles. Though its purpose was principally utilitarian, Underwood sought to keep the buildings design in keeping with the citys Union Station, which opened across the street in May 1939. The original building was a three-story structure with two towers and 400,000 ft&sup2; of floor space.</p><br>
<p>The $3 million postal annex opened in May 1940 with 1,632 postal clerks, carriers and laborers responsible for the processing of 2,000,000 pieces of mail per day. The facility, which was kept open 24 hours a day, was equipped with the latest facilities for rapid handling of mail, including conveyors, chutes, weighing machines, cancelling machines, and sorting and facing tables. At the formal dedication ceremony in June 1940, the postmaster called the annex a symbol of the achievements of democracy, opening at a time when the monuments of Europe were "being ground in the dust."</p><br>
<h2>Expansion to meet increased volume</h2><br>
<p>Only ten years after its opening, the demands of the city&#39;s mail had already outgrown the facility. Accordingly, the Post Office announced plans in 1950 for a $12 million expansion, including an adjoining five-story parcel post building and other structures as well.</p><br>
<h2>Scandals and tragedies</h2><br>
<p>During nearly 50 years as the city&#39;s central postal processing facility, the Terminal Annex suffered a number of scandals and tragedies, including the following:</p><br>
<p>In 1954, two veteran postal employees were charged with being the ringleaders of two large bookmaking operations operating out of the Terminal Annex. Investigators alleged that 10-15 other employees were involved in the operations.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, a postal supervisor was shot and killed at the Terminal Annex by a disgruntled postal clerk. After the supervisor ordered the clerk to leave work for intoxication, the clerk waited outside the annex and shot the supervisor in the back three times as the supervisor ran toward the security desk, calling for help.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, a pipe bomb, wrapped in a package, exploded in a sorting room at the Terminal Annex, slightly injuring six postal workers.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, a malfunctioning voltage line in the basement of the Terminal Annex caused an 8-1/2 hour power blackout that halted operations at the facility. The power outage resulted in a one-day delay in the delivery of 1.5 million pieces of mail and was front-page news in the Los Angeles Times.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, 12 postal workers employed at the Terminal Annex were charged as alleged pushers of both powder and rock cocaine.</p><br>
<h2>Insufficient space leads to construction of South Los Angeles facility</h2><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the operations had outgrown even the expanded facilities at the Terminal Annex. The facilitys volume had grown by the mid-1980s to 14 million pieces of mail per day, and the annex was plagued by inadequate space, overcrowding and inadequate work areas. Accordingly, the Postal Service Board of Governors in 1984 approved the construction of a new $151 million general post office in South Los Angeles. Almost 50 years after Terminal Annex became the citys main mail-processing facility, the new processing facility in South Central opened in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The site is currently used as a data center.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2015 the lobby level houses a postal counter with stamp sales and provides mail pick-up for customers who rent mail boxes.</p><br>
<h2>Filming locations</h2><br>
<p>When the Postal Service moved out of the building in 1995, it was used as a film location for the motion picture Dear God in 1995 and for the CBS television series EZ Streets in 1996. Producers used the lobby, decorated with WPA murals, to represent City Hall.</p><br>
<p>It was also turned into a hospital, complete with an emergency room entrance, for the movie City of Angels.</p><br>
<h2>Data Center</h2><br>
<p>Most of the building has been leased to CoreSite as their LA2 data center. Like all data centers, it is a secure facility, and not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>The lobby includes twelve Federal Art Project murals painted by Boris Deutsch during 1941 to 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Terminal Annex building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 based on its architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The John Street House is a historic home that was part of the Underground Railroad. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and located in Salem, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History and role in abolitionism</h2><br>
<p>Salem, Ohio, was a major nexus of corridors along the Underground Railroad. In the city itself, there were at least six stops, primarily in the southern half, located closest to the actual railroad lines. The John Street House is one of the northernmost stops in Salem.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1838, the building was initially constructed as the residence of John Street, a son of the city’s co-founder, Zadok Street. The Street family were Quakers and active in the Western Anti-slavery Society, an abolitionist organization then headquartered in Salem. Interested in aiding fleeing slaves, the Streets altered their residence after its initial construction, and provided food and clandestine lodging in several hiding spaces throughout the house. In a windowless basement, fugitive slaves would sleep during the day and travel to another "station" on the Railroad by night. This location was connected by an underground tunnel built under what is now Ellesworth Ave to the house across the street. The famous abolitionist John Brown was a frequent guest at the house.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The John Street House is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The Nevins Memorial Library at 305 Broadway in Methuen, Massachusetts was built in 1883 to honor David Nevins, Sr. as a memorial gift from his wife Eliza Nevins , his elder son David Nevins, Jr., and his younger son Henry Coffin Nevins. The library is located at 305 Broadway in Methuen and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Nevins Memorial Library offers resources including free Wi-Fi internet access, book clubs, an outreach program to deliver books and media for homebound individuals, and so on. The library is also the custodian of the Nevins Memorial Library Historic Collection, much of which is in storage and for which viewing appointments should be made. The collection includes manuscripts and printed materials, genealogical resources, vital records, assorted objet d&#39;art and collectables, and the stained glass windows of the library itself.</p><br>
<p>New Yorks historic Putnam County Courthouse is located on Gleneida Avenue  across from the eastern terminus of NY 301 in downtown Carmel, the county seat, overlooking Lake Gleneida. First built in 1814, two years after the county itself was established, it is the second-oldest county courthouse still in use in the state after Fulton Countys.</p><br>
<p>In 1847 it was renovated extensively. At that time the Classical Revival portico and columns were added. Architect James Townsend used commercially available (although inexact) copies of the Corinthian capitals from the Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. For this and its historic importance in the county&#39;s history it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is a two-story, 5-by-8-bay rectangular gable-roofed frame building, with clapboard siding on the north and south sides and horizontal planks on its west (front) facade. The pedimented gable is supported by the four Corinthian columns, behind which is the main entrance, with molded classical detail. Similar ornamentation can be found on the window lintels. The two front corners have large pilasters; the original stone plinth blocks have been replaced with concrete copies and the astragals taken down to help prevent dry rot in the columns.</p><br>
<p>The stone walls of the original county jail are still visible on the south side. A two-bay east wing, added later, extends from the rear. A cupola is atop the roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the New York state legislature divided Putnam County from Dutchess to its north in 1812, it required the creation of two courts. Trials were held in Carmels Baptist meeting house until a courthouse could be built. After three months, one state legislator who had voted for Putnam Countys creation, Robert Weeks, sold it a one-half acre (2,000 m²) lot in the middle of Carmel.</p><br>
<p>A local builder and iron miner, James Townsend, was hired for the job. He finished it two years later for just under $4,000, using some of his locally mined ironwork, which still remains in the jail section. It opened for court on February 15, 1815.</p><br>
<p>The county grew, and by the 1840s the original courthouse could not handle its workload. Officials initially decided to build a second one in Cold Spring, at the other end of the road that became Route 301, on the Hudson River where much of the countys population was. But a deed restriction in the original land acquisition forbade the county from building its courthouse anywhere but the original land, and so the existing courthouse was renovated and expanded into todays structure. The Corinthian column capitals, popular in pattern books of the time, were likely carved in New York City and shipped to Carmel, as they were for many other buildings in the lower and mid-Hudson where similar capitals have been found.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 another jail wing was built to replace the one on the northeast corner. The county sheriff began living in the building at this time, and it became a tradition for his wife to cook food for the jail inmates. Another jail wing was built in 1907.</p><br>
<p>A fire in 1924 destroyed most of the upper story, but it was rebuilt to its original appearance. Repairs could do nothing about the building&#39;s age, however, and by the later 20th century some degradation was becoming apparent. The sheriffs and their wives moved out in 1966, and eleven years later the jail itself was closed. In December 1988, it was closed for repairs, ending 174 years of continuous use.</p><br>
<p>The repairs took six years, longer than expected, due to many problems encountered during the process. Since it reopened in 1994, it has been home to two of the county&#39;s judges and their chambers. The old jail cells have been used mainly as storage space. A newer, more modern court facility was built behind the Putnam County Office Building and opened January 2, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Although the new County Courthouse opened in 2008, the Historic Courthouse is still used for the Surrogates Court and the main courtroom is also used as the legislative chambers of the Putnam County Legislature.</p><br>
<p>Sloan Lake, also known as Sloans Lake and Sloans Lake is a body of water, park, and neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, US. The neighborhood is located on the northwest side of Denver. The lake is the central feature of Sloans Lake Park, which is managed by the Parks and Recreation division of the City and County of Denver.</p><br>
<h2>Sloan Lake</h2><br>
<p>Sloan Lake is located on the western edge of Denver&#39;s city limits, adjacent to the suburbs of Lakewood, Edgewater and Wheat Ridge. The approximate boundaries are Sheridan Boulevard to the west, 17th Avenue to the south, Raleigh St. to the east, and 26th Avenue to the north. There are no tributary streams to the lake.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The true history of the creation of Sloan Lake may never be officially known, but during the settlement of the Denver area in the mid to late 19th century, the lake did not exist. Since spring 1859 South Golden Road connecting Denver and the western suburb of Golden crossed through where Sloan Lake is now. A homesteader named Thomas F. Sloan received a patent for the land from US President Andrew Johnson in December 1866, using the land for agricultural purposes, farming, and cattle-raising. A commonly accepted legend states that Sloan dug a well on the land, inadvertently tapping into an underground aquifer, and that when he awoke the next morning, part of his farm land was covered in water. That flooded this part of South Golden Road, and the realigned thoroughfare, now known as Colfax Avenue would become the major east-west thoroughfare in this part of the city. However, according to gold rush era stagecoach driver Bill Turner, the lake appeared sometime between when he left for Kansas in June 1861 and when he returned in early 1863. It is possible that Sloan occupied the land prior to patenting it. The lake once exceeded 200 acre and extended north and west beyond its current size, but portions were filled north of 25th Avenue and west of Sheridan Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the lake was once home to an amusement park and swimming facility known as Manhattan Beach. Opened to the public 27 June 1881, it was the first amusement park to be built west of the Mississippi River (it burned down in 1908 and was rebuilt as Luna Park later that year); mishaps and competition from other such attractions in the vicinity (Elitch Gardens and Lakeside Amusement Park) led to its closure in 1914. Cooper Lake, a separate body of water just southeast of Sloan Lake, fell under the jurisdiction of the federal Works Projects Administration in the 1930s, and a plan was developed which involved building channels beneath the surface of the water on both lakes. This essentially created one body of water that has commonly become known as Sloan Lake. The size of the present-day combined Sloan Lake and Cooper Lake is 177 acre.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife and Habitat</h3><br>
<p>Sloan Lake is a seasonal and year-round home to a variety of birds, fish and other wildlife. Birds include white pelicans, mallard ducks, Canada geese, seagulls, barn swallows, house finches, and common night hawks. Cormorants and herons find refuge from shore-based predators in colonies on Cooper Island and feed on black crappie, carp and trout stocked by Colorado Parks and Wildlife agency. The lake’s muddy flats and shallower waters provide habitat for wading birds such as avocets and semi-aquatic rodents including native muskrats and non-native nutria. Predators include fox and coyote, which are occasionally seen around the lake. Cottonwood trees, cattails and bluegrass grow along the shoreline and the lake waters support duckweed, algae and other native and invasive aquatic plants.</p><br>
<h2>Sloan's Lake Park</h2><br>
<p>At 177 acre, Sloan&#39;s Lake Park is the second largest park in Denver (after City Park). Typical activities at the park include hiking, jogging and bicycling on the trails and sidewalks that surround the lake, and fishing and boating on the lake itself. There are basketball and tennis courts located in the park. An annual event known as the Dragon Boat Festival attracts thousands of visitors each summer, celebrating Asian American culture and civilization.</p><br>
<h2>Sloan's Lake neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood of Sloans Lake has undergone rapid gentrification in recent years, with a corresponding appreciation in real estate values: the average price for a single family home in 2017 was $543,400 compared to the 2009 average of $259,000. The Average Price per Square foot for a home in June, 2017 was $311.16. The housing stock in Sloans Lake is diverse with a wide range of housing and styles including 1920s brick bungalows to new, post-modern architecture. More than 66 percent of Sloan&#39;s Lake residents own their home, an above average figure for Denver.</p><br>
<p>A construction boom has also characterized the Sloans Lake neighborhood in recent years, with a flurry of both single family homes and apartment units being built. The closure of St. Anthonys Hospital, which encompassed a seven-block radius to the south of the park, has allowed for an ambitious residential redevelopment that will include a 12-story condominium tower, a 369 unit apartment building, and a bevy of restaurants and shops.</p><br>
<p>Lower Kama Reservoir or Nizhnekamsk Reservoir  is the lowest reservoir from the Kama River hydroelectric cascade. It is situated in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Bashkortostan and Perm Krai, Russian Federation. The reservoir was filled in 1978-81 up to 62 m above sea level after the construction of dam of the Lower Kama Hydroelectric Station. The water level in reservoir depends on the upper reservoirs regime . The Lower Kama Reservoir has a surface area of 1,084 km² and a volume of 2.8 billion cubic meters. Its length along Kama is 185 km and 157 km along Belaya. The reservoir also used for water supply, irrigation and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The planned level of the reservoir is 68 m above sea level. Tatarstan government announced plans to reach the full planned power of the electric station. However, ecological movement inside of Tatarstan opposes these plans, as the reservoir will flood Kulyagash wetland and other lands in that case.</p><br>
<p>The United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area is a portion of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Its use of modern architecture stands in contrast with the very traditional designs of West Point and the United States Naval Academy. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct, modernist style, and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors, suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft.</p><br>
<h2>The Terrazzo</h2><br>
<p>The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large, square pavilion known as The Terrazzo. The name comes from the fact that the walkways are made of terrazzo tiles, set among a checkerboard of marble strips. The east quarter of the Terrazzo, known as the "Air Gardens," is a 700 ft space with an ordered geometry of lighted pools, lowered grass sections and maze-like walkways. The Terrazzo area was designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley. The center of the Cadet Area was originally a wooded, sloping hill that extended from the middle of the Terrazzo south to the valley below, creating a blend of natural and man-made environments. With the building of Sijan Hall on the south side of the Terrazzo in 1968, the Terrazzo area was effectively enclosed into a large quadrangle, and this natural part of the landscape was eliminated. Only the top of the hill, now known as "Spirit Hill", remains in the central grassy area of the Terrazzo.</p><br>
<h2>Cadet Chapel</h2><br>
<p>The most recognizable building in the Cadet Area is the 17-spired Cadet Chapel. The subject of controversy when it was first built, it is now considered among the most beautiful examples of modern American academic architecture. The structure consists of 100 identical aluminum tetrahedrons, with colored glass in the spaces between the tetrahedrons. The chapel reaches a height of 150 feet, with an overall length of 280 feet and a width of 84 feet. Architect Walter Netsch said he was inspired in his design by the Sainte-Chapelle cathedral in Paris, the Cathedral of Chartres and the Basilica of San Francesco d&#39;Assisi in Italy. The Cadet Chapel is built on two levels. The upstairs portion houses a 1,300-seat multi-denomination Protestant chapel; downstairs are a 500-seat Catholic chapel, a 100-seat Jewish chapel and interfaith rooms used for services of other religions.</p><br>
<h2>Dormitories</h2><br>
<p>Cadets live in two dormitories, Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall. Vandenberg Hall, named after Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, was the original cadet dormitory. Sijan Hall was built on the south side of the Cadet Area in 1968, in order to accommodate the expansion of the Cadet Wing to a strength of 4,417 cadets. Known simply as the "New Dorm" until its dedication on May 31, 1976, it was named after Captain Lance Sijan &#39;65, the first USAFA graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor.</p><br>
<h2>Academic buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings in the Cadet Area are used for academics. Fairchild Hall, named after General Muir S. Fairchild, the first commander of Air University and later Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force, is the main academic building. Fairchild Hall houses academic classrooms, laboratories, research facilities, faculty offices. The Robert F. McDermott Library is a separate building.</p><br>
<p>The Aeronautics Research Center (also known as the "Aero Lab") is just south of Fairchild Hall and contains numerous aeronautical research facilities, including transonic, subsonic, low speed and cascade wind tunnels, engine and rocket test cells and simulators.</p><br>
<p>The Consolidated Education and Training Facility (CETF) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall. It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs, medical and dental clinics and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories. The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use.</p><br>
<h2>Dining and entertainment facilities</h2><br>
<p>Mitchell Hall, named after air power pioneer Brigadier General William "Billy" Mitchell, is the cadet dining facility, which has the ability to feed the entire Cadet Wing at one time.</p><br>
<p>The cadet social center is Arnold Hall, named after General of the Air Force Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Arnold Hall is located just outside the Cadet Area and houses a 3,000-seat theater, a ballroom and a number of lounge and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Administration building</h2><br>
<p>Harmon Hall is the primary administration building, which houses the offices of the Superintendent and the Superintendent&#39;s staff. It is named after Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon, the first Superintendent of the Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Sports facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education classes and other physical training. Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields, the Cadet Gymnasium contains basketball gyms, indoor tennis courts, an Olympic-size swimming and diving pool, a water polo pool, numerous squash and racquetball courts, two weight-training rooms with state-of-the-art equipment and specialized facilities for volleyball, fencing, gymnastics, boxing, and the rifle team. The gymnasium also houses a human performance laboratory complete with hydrostatic weighing equipment, sports psychology and vision testing capabilities and aerobic testing equipment, including an elevation chamber.</p><br>
<p>The Cadet Fieldhouse contains the 6,000-seat Clune Arena (named after long-time USAFA Director of Athletics Colonel John J. Clune ), a 2,600-seat ice hockey rink and an indoor track that doubles as a practice facility for a number of sports throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The Hawkins House, also known as the Cantrill House, is a historic building on East Jackson Street in Georgetown, Kentucky. The structure has been used as a ropewalk, a dormitory for women at Georgetown Female Seminary, and a residential dwelling. During the past 180 years, Georgetown College has bought and sold the property three times. The property was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on April 2, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1784, Elijah Craig established the town of Lebanon, Virginia in an area of Kentucky now known as Scott County. As a tribute to the first President of the United States, George Washington, the name was changed to George Town in 1790, and later shortened to Georgetown. The town was centered around Royal Spring, a large spring that was a reliable source of water for the residents and industry in the area. Hemp was one of earliest successful industries in Georgetown. In 1789, Craig founded one of the earliest successful ropewalks in Kentucky.</p><br>
<h3>Ropewalk and bagging factory</h3><br>
<p>Early property records show that the land where the Hawkins House sits belonged to the Hawkins family and was referred to as "ropewalk alley". Taking full advantage of the plentiful hemp crops in Scott County, Thomas Hawkins established a ropewalk and bagging factory on the property. Land deeds show that the property continued to be used as a hemp establishment as late as the 1850s.</p><br>
<h3>Georgetown College</h3><br>
<p>Georgetown College bought and sold the building three times. First, in August 1830, after the decision was made to establish a Baptist college in Georgetown, the building was the first property bought by the new institution. After other land was secured for the new school, the property was sold to Joseph Lemon who returned the building to its prior use as a ropewalk and bagging factory. Georgetown College acquired the property for the second time in 1853 from E.N. Eliot. The school held the property until 1858 and used it first as the college presidents house and then later as a mens dormitory called Judson Hall. The college bought the house for the last time in 1930 from W.E. Haynes and his wife Frances (Wood) and sold it the next year to Mary Garth Hawkins.</p><br>
<h3>Residential dwelling</h3><br>
<p>After being used for commercial purposes in the early years, during later years the Hawkins House was used as a residential dwelling for many well known Scott County families. In 1858, J.J. Rucker, a professor of mathematics, purchased the property for use as a home. Dr. J. Campbell Cantrill and his wife resided in the house.</p><br>
<h3>Georgetown Female Seminary</h3><br>
<p>When Georgetown Female Seminary building burned beyond use, J.J. Rucker used his home, the Hawkins House, to house the women.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Hawkins House has a central section with two-bay wings attached on both sides to central area.</p><br>
<p>The oldest section of the Hawkins House is the west wing of the structure, and includes six-panel doors and a simple fireplace mantel indicating a construction date as early as 1790. This part of the building has a freestanding chimney and staircase that are independent from the rest of the structure. The east wing of the house has reeded recesses, and reeding on the chair rail and mantels indicating a later construction date.</p><br>
<p>Henry C. Nevins Home for Aged and Incurables was built in 1906 at 110 Broadway, Methuen, Massachusetts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It and the Nevins Memorial Library, located at 305 Broadway were built by for Henry C. Nevins and his family as a memorial to his father, David C. Nevins, Sr. Both buildings were listed on the National Register on the same day.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nevins Home was built on the site of the home of Charles Ingalls, one of Methuen&#39;s early hat manufacturers. The property was acquired in 1905 by the executors for the estate of Julie F. H. Nevins who died in 1904. Mrs. Nevins left $100,000, plus an endowment, for construction of the Henry C. Nevins Home for Aged and Incurable. Ground breaking began in June 1905 and dedication of the new facility took place in July of the following year.</p><br>
<h2>Current Use</h2><br>
<p>The original Nevins Home remained in operation from 1906 until 1997 when it was renovated to provide 44 studio and one bedroom HUD-subsidized apartments for the elderly. A much larger modern nursing care facility was constructed behind the original structure. The facility remains the center piece of the, a non-profit organization still serving the Merrimack Valley.</p><br>
<p>Lake Gleneida is a controlled lake in Carmel, New York, United States. It is part of New York City&#39;s water supply system, created when an original pond was dammed in 1870.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The roughly heart-shaped lake is immediately to the southwest of downtown Carmel. Its 168 acre are surrounded by grassy parkland sloping down to the lake from the roads on the south and east, and woods on the other sides. NY 301 follows the north shore, ascending to its eastern terminus at NY 52 across from the Putnam County courthouse. Route 52 follows the eastern shore for a short distance to the south of this intersection before it, too, ends at US 6, which continues around the southern shore. There is no road along the western side, although a local street, Glenvue Drive, traverses the top of the 545 ft-high ridge there.</p><br>
<p>The lake fills a small depression in the middle of a hilly area. Its bottom continues its rapid drop from the shoreline, reaching a depth of slightly over 100 ft in the middle of the lake, equivalent to the surface of a swampy depression to its east. Mean depth is 48 ft. It typically contains 8.042 acre.ft, or 2.6 e9USgal of water.</p><br>
<p>There are no inlet brooks, as the lake was originally a pond. A small, unnamed outlet brook drains from the northwest, emptying in less than a thousand feet (300 m) to West Branch Reservoir. Water not impounded and delivered to the city from there follows the Croton River to the Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was originally known as Shaws Pond, after an early landowner. It had been a part of the Carmel landscape since the hamlets designation as county seat upon Putnam&#39;s 1814 creation. It quickly became a popular spot for boating and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The name started appearing on maps around 1840. Not long after, residents became dissatisfied with the name and proposed grander names for it. In 1852, a committee of local residents finally settled on Lake Gleneida. New York City bought rights to the lake around 1895 and tore down what houses were built near it.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) owns Lake Gleneida, considered one of three "controlled lakes" in the city&#39;s water system. That means it may withdraw water as a right of ownership.</p><br>
<p>Recreational use of the lake does come under DEP regulations. Fishing, ice fishing and boating are allowed with a valid DEP permit and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation-issued fishing license. Swimming is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>Boats used in the lake may not be used in any other body of water, to prevent the spread of zebra mussels. This raised some local concern in 2005, since many were left on shore during the offseason and the town found them unsightly as it prepared to spend $2.3 million to spruce up the hamlet. DEP was able to get most of the owners to relocate them to storage areas out of sight of downtown.</p><br>
<p>The Menlo Avenue–West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District is a historic district in the North University Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, which is itself part of the city&#39;s West Adams district. The area consists of late Victorian and Craftsman-style homes dating back to 1896. The area is bounded by West Adams Boulevard on the north, Ellendale on the east, West Thirtieth Street on the south, and Vermont Avenue to the west. The district is noted for its well-preserved period architecture, reflecting the transition from late Victorian and shingle-styles to the American Craftsman style that took hold in Southern California in the early 1900s. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Houses of the district</h2><br>
<p>There are more than 50 historic homes in the Menlo Avenue–West Twenty-ninth Street Historic District, representing a variety of architectural styles from the turn of the 20th Century. A sampling of the architecturally significant homes in the district include the following:</p><br>
<p>House at 2630 South Menlo Avenue — This -story Craftsman-style house, built in approximately 1899, is characterized by its asymmetrical facade and its medium-pitched gable roof. The house has been altered by partial enclosure of the porch and a change of use to a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>House at 2631 South Menlo Avenue — This -story Craftsman-style home was built in approximately 1903. It is built with a square plan and has Tudor detailing. The exterior walls are of cut stone on the first floor and shingles on the second floor. Its stone facting and Tudor details add to the diversity of the transitional Craftsman residences in the district.</p><br>
<p>House at 2643 South Menlo Avenue — This large, 4,186 ft&sup2, -story house was built in 1903 and designed by the prominent architectural firm of Hunt and Eager (Sumner Hunt and Abraham Wesley Eager). It has a square shape and is influenced by the Classical Revival style. The steep-pitched truncated roof is topped with a ballustratde of turned spindles, and</p><br>
<p>House at 2646 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story house has been described as having an irregular and eclectic design. It was built by William F. West in approximately 1897.</p><br>
<p>House at 2663 South Menlo Avenue — This -story transitional Craftsman house was built in approximately 1896. It is an example of the Tudor influence on the transitional Craftsman style. It has a generally symmetrical facade with a steep-pitched gable roof and slant oreil windows. It was converted to apartments in 1920, and alterations include enclosure of the outer end of the porch, additional of four rear porches, and extensive interior changes to convert the structure into multi-family housing.</p><br>
<p>House at 2666 South Menlo Avenue — This -story house, built in approximately 1897, is an irregular and transitional design that has been described as having elements of Craftsman, shingle and Richardsonian influences.</p><br>
<p>House at 2679 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence, built in approximately 1901, is said to be an example of the "Classic Box" design. The 3,314 ft&sup2; home has a generally square-shaped plan and is influenced by the Classical style. The original owner was Florence Scarborough, who was a contralto singer who studied music in Italy and was music director at the Bnai Brith Temple at 9th and Hope Streets. Her husband, James Scarborough, was a lawyer and special counsel to many Los Angeles corporations.</p><br>
<p>House at 2706 South Menlo Avenue — This -story house built in 1904 is a good example of the Craftsman-style residence with Alpine chalet elements.</p><br>
<p>House at 2712 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence was built in approximately 1897 and is said to have been influenced by the simplified Classical Revival style. It has an asymmetrical facade and a high-pitched hip roof with flared ends. The building has been altered by enclosure of the front porch.</p><br>
<p>House at 2723 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story house is possibly the oldest building on Menlo Avenue, having been built in approximately 1897. It is a good, unaltered example of a Victorian house with Italianate influences. By 1902, it was being used as a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>House at 2801 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence was built before 1901It has a steep-pitched gable roof, a full-length projecting porch, and round porch columns. Every Nation ministries rented the house for almost two decades, beginning in the 1980s and going through the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>House at 2803 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence was built in approximately 1897 and is said to be influenced by the shingle-style. It has a pyramidal roof, an inset porch behind two tapered columns, and a two-story slant bay.</p><br>
<p>House at 2811–2813 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence was built in 1898 and has clapboard walls at the first floor and shingle at the second floor. It has an irregular plan designed in the shingle style. It has a two-story overhanging Dutch gambrel gable that projects from the main plane of the facade and a truncated pyramidal roof. There is a patterned shingle design around the oval roof ventilator in the gable wall. The house was converted into a duplex in 1912.</p><br>
<p>House at 2824 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story residence was built prior to 1901 and has been described as having a shingle-style design.</p><br>
<p>House at 2827 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story home, built in 1898, is a good example of shingle-style architecture. It has a generally square plan, and its prominent features include a steep pitched gable roof on the right side of the house with the ridge parallel to the front and a prominent front facing gable wall that originates over an inset entrance porch. On the left side of the house, there is a curved first-floor bay topped by a balcony.</p><br>
<p>House at 2833 South Menlo Avenue — This two-story house, built in approximately 1899, has an asymmetrical facade with a Dutch gambrel roof and an offset porch with a pediment and classical columns. The original occupant of the home was Jennie V. Mitchell, who was listed in the Pioneers of Beaver Valley and in the Negro Trail Blazers of California.</p><br>
<p>House at 2615 Ellendale Place — This two-story Spanish Colonia Revival house was built in approximately 1908. It is located at the corner of Ellendale Place and West Adams Boulevard. It was later converted into a fraternity house for the USC chapter of Alpha Gamma Omega and later became a sorority house.</p><br>
<p>House at 2832 Menlo Avenue - This two-story turn of the century brick and wood home was built around 1908, and lies in the historical housing district of South LA. This house was used in several scenes in the 2004 film National Treasure. In 2016, the property was reported by the Los Angeles Neighborhood Watch Annual Report as having the highest number of noise complaints in the 90007 area code.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of houses</h2><br>
<p>The Hackensack Water Company Complex is a set of historic buildings in Weehawken, New Jersey, registered in the USA National Register of Historic Places. The Hackensack Water Company, a predecessor of Suez North America, developed water supply and storage in northeastern New Jersey from the 1870s to the 1970s, initially to provide service to the city of Hackensack and the towns of North Hudson. Originally its headquarters and major facilities were located at Hackensack, in Bergen County. Under Robert W. de Forest, who ran the Hackensack Water Company for 46 years beginning in 1881, the company constructed new facilities and moved its headquarters to Weehawken in Hudson County, setting up offices in a brick water tower, part of the present complex.</p><br>
<h2>Weehawken Water Tower</h2><br>
<p>The headquarters most distinguishing feature, the red brick Weehawken Water Tower, was built in 1883 on what is now Park Avenue, on the border of Union City. Designed by Frederick Clarke Withers, it was modeled after the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy. The tower was capable of holding 165,000 gallons of water and stands 175 feet high, 300 feet above sea level at the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The tower was connected to Reservoir No.1 atop the Hudson Palisades to which water was pumped from the Hackensack River, approximately 14 miles away. While the reservoir at the site could provide adequate pressure for water users in Hoboken, located just above sea level, water pressure was inadequate for customers atop the Palisades.</p><br>
<p>The tower was designed to accomplish two separate purposes in one structure. The tower housed the local headquarters of the Hackensack Water Company, and allowed clean water to be stored in a tank at the top of the structure, stored under pressure for use by residents, businesses and for fighting fires. The opening of the facility on September 29, 1883 was a major event, with Withers recognized by professional journals for the innovation of his design. The "Red Tower" is listed on the Federal Maritime Chart as a landmark for ships heading south on the Hudson River to let them know that they are approaching New York Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, which spared it from demolition, after which it was structurally maintained. Entin Associates, a real-estate developer, purchased the complex in 1981 for $1.6 million. The gatehouse and reservoir were razed for the construction of a supermarket and parking. The tower was spared demolition and structurally maintained.</p><br>
<p>The township of Weehawken took over the property in 2000, and began a restoration project for Water Tower Park. Paragon Restoration Corporation completed eight months of restoration on the sites exteriors in September 2004, with slate replaced on the roof, stonework fixed at the base and windows replaced. New steel supports and wood floors were installed in the interior, and space was left to accommodate an elevator and fire staircase. In October 2005, a plaza park was created at the base of the tower. The interior of the tower was restored in the late 2000s. In 2010, as part of the towns 150th anniversary, interior brickwork was cleaned while maintaining its historical appearance. In 2014 Mayor Richard Turner opened up the Water Tower for the annual three-week-long PlayWorks reading series, in which playwrights present readings of their unfinished plays, which celebrated the first time the restored tower had been used in over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, Justin Casquejo a thrill-seeking teenage free solo climber and stunt performer hung from the tower was charged with defiant trespassing and resisting arrest.</p><br>
<h2>Hackensack Reservoir No. 2-Reservoir Park</h2><br>
<p>Hackensack Reservoir No. 2 was another component of the water company&#39;s system in the township, later owned by its successor, United Water. The site, slightly more than 14 acres and the largest piece of undeveloped property in North Hudson, is located in Weehawken Heights and is bounded by Highpoint Avenue, Gregory Avenue, 20th Street, and Palisade Avenue, the latter two of which create the border with neighboring Union City. It was built during a period of extensive urbanization of the area in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The historical marker reads:</p><br>
<p>United Water announced that it wanted to divest most of the property in early 2011 at an unofficial price of $11.5 million. The company will retain 4.2 acres to build an underground water storage tank to improve water pressure, estimated to cost $25 to $30 million. The Trust for Public Land, which appraised the site, arranged to postpone the sale of the reservoir until the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the township began a process to purchase the grounds. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection gave the township a $2 million grant in Green Acres funding. A $9 million low interest loan from the department&#39;s infrastructure trust program was made with the intention that in the future, as funding permits, additional grants for re-payment would be made. No interest has to be paid on three-quarters of the money and mininal interest on the other one-quarter. The township introduced a bond for $9.2 million. Weehawken and Union City are initially investing $300,000 to transform the grounds into passive recreational space. They will share the annual upkeep of the property. The completed sale was announced in December 2011. The park opened in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Jersey City Reservoir No. 3</h2><br>
<p>While not originally part of the Hackensack Water Company infrastructure, another reservoir atop the Hudson Palisades is Jersey City Reservoir No. 3, Also developed at the end of the 19th century in Jersey City Heights, Jersey City. it was closed to the public in the 1970s, and its usage as a municipal water source ended in 1992. Since 2007 it has preserved the open reservoir for the public use as a wild life management area adjacent to Pershing Field. Nearby Reservoir #1 was located on either side of Summit Avenue, and has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Eaton, Crane & Pike Company Factory, once the Terry Clock Company Factory is a historic former factory complex at 75 South Church Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Developed over a period of years between 1883 and 1967, the complex was home to one of Pittsfield&#39;s major paper concerns, and a significant local employer. Now converted to mixed residential and light industrial use, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Eaton factory complex is a series of connected brick buildings, set overlooking a bend in the Housatonic River southwest of downtown Pittsfield. The property is bounded on the north by railroad tracks, and was historically bounded on the east and south by a worker housing area; the latter has largely been obliterated by urban renewal activities. There are nine distinct structures in the interconnected complex, ranging in height from three to eight stories. The most prominent and visually distinctive element is the central clocktower, a 3-1/2 story mansard-roofed structure topped by a flagpole and iron cresting. It was built in 1883, and is one of the oldest surviving elements of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the factory was built in 1883 by the Terry Clock Company, which had its origins in the manufacture of clocks by Eli Terry in 1793. That company and its successors owned the facility until 1893, when it was purchased by the Hurlbut Paper Company, which founded a stationery division on the premises headed by Arthur W. Eaton. Hurlbut was acquired by the American Writing Paper Company, but did not want to keep the stationery division, which Eaton and other investors purchased. After a major investment by Crane & Co. principals in 1908, the company was renamed Eaton, Crane & Pike, eventually shortened to just Eaton in 1934. The company was successful until the 1950s, when a general decline in letter-writing led to reduced demand for its products. After several changes of ownership, it was finally closed in 1987. The plant was soon afterward converted into a combination of residential and mixed industrial uses.</p><br>
<p>The New Boston Inn is a historic inn at 101 North Main Street, the junction of Massachusetts Routes 8 and 57 in the center of the New Boston village of Sandisfield, Massachusetts. Although the inn site was first occupied by Daniel Brown, an early settler of Sandisfield, the inn was probably built c. 1800 by one of his sons. Its location places it at the junction of three major stagecoach routes. It is a 2-1/2 story clapboarded wood frame structure with Federal period styling. Its main entrance is flanked by sidelights and topped by an entablature, with a Palladian window in the second floor above. Inside, the second-floor ballroom is noted for arched ceiling. The building has been restored, and is again operated as an inn; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Nichols-Sterner House is a historic house at 428 Swamp Road in Richmond, Massachusetts. It is one of only two brick houses built in a Federalist-Greek Revival transition style in Richmond.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The 2-1/2 story house was built in 1820 and occupied for over 100 years by the local Nichols family. In 1925, the house was sold to Flora Lash Sterner, wife of artist Albert Sterner. The Sterners used the house as a summer residence until Albert&#39;s death in 1946. Mrs. Sterner did not use the house thereafter, and it suffered from the neglect. She sold the house in 1981, and the new owners undertook steps to restore the property.</p><br>
<p>The house, and 2.2 acre that remain of the Nichols property, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places September 17, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Norad Mill is a historic mill located at 60 Roberts Drive, between Massachusetts Avenue and Route 2 , in North Adams, Massachusetts. It is the oldest mill complex in North Adams that has not had its exterior significantly altered, making visible much of its Italianate styling. It was built in 1863 by Sanford Blackinton, one of North Adams&#39; leading mill owners, and operated as the North Adams Woolen Company. Blackinton used the mill to produce woolen goods that were in high demand during the American Civil War. The business was reorganized as the North Adams Manufacturing Company in 1877. The mill continued to be the site of woolen textile production, under a variety of corporate names, until 1947. In 1954 the Excelsior Printing Company began operations in the facility; it was acquired by Crane & Co., which , continued to operate that business under its original name. In 2005 the business and mill complex were purchased by Crane family member David Crane. In 2016 the printing business was sold to Integrity Graphics which has consolidated operations elsewhere. The mill complex includes, in addition to the main mill building, several 19th century extensions and a storehouse erected in 1904. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Normal School Historic District is a historic district in North Adams, Massachusetts. It consists of a group of ten buildings located along Church Street, roughly from Bradley Street in the south to Murdock Hall on the campus of the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts  in the north. The buildings represent a period of cohesive development of the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, shortly after the normal school  was established. It includes nine houses, eight of which are private residences, and one institutional building, Murdock Hall, dating to the inception of the normal school. The tenth building is the President&#39;s House, which is next door to Murdock Hall on the MCLA campus.</p><br>
<p>All of the residential properties, including Presidents House, are large Victorian houses. Six are in the Queen Anne style, with porches and turreted sections, while three are in the Colonial Revival style. Murdock Hall was built in 1896 (as was Presidents House) and served as the normal schools main building. It is a rectangular Italianate structure built of yellow brick designed by noted architect H. Neill Wilson, and features a central pilaster-supported triangular pediment. Presidents House is built of the same materials, but with Colonial Revival styling. A dormitory built at the same time has not survived.</p><br>
<p>South of President&#39;s House on the west side of Church Street are three private residences, all built in either 1896 or 1897. The first of these, the Queen Anne style Hawkins House, was built according to a mail-order plan, and features some of the most elaborate woodwork in North Adams. The other five private residences are situated on the east side of Church Street; all but one was built in the early 1890s, before the normal school was established.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>North Becket Village Historic District is a historic district encompassing the historic village of North Becket in the Berkshire hill town of Becket, Massachusetts. The village developed rapidly as the main economic and civic center of the town in a 20-year period beginning in 1841 with the arrival of the Western Railroad, and retains many fine examples of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Becket was laid out by colonists in the 1730s, but was not settled until the 1750s. It was incorporated as a town in 1765, with its town center located at what is now known as Becket Center, at Massachusetts Route 8 and YMCA Road. North Becket Village did not begin growth until the 1820s, when a sawmill was established. Then in 1841 the Western Railroad was completed along the West Branch Westfield River, and North Becket developed rapidly as an economic center. The brooks feeding the Westfield River became a source of water power for a variety of industries, which distributed their goods to market via the railroad. Over a twenty-year period, many of the towns public institutions moved to the village, and a cluster of Greek Revival residences were built on the west side of Main and High Streets. Most of the village&#39;s industries and commercial buildings were wiped out by a flood caused by the breach of a dam on Yokum Brook in 1927, in many cases leaving only foundational remnants.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Main and High Streets, from Pleasant Street in the north to a point south of the junction of South Washington State Road and Main Street. It covers about 40 acre, and has 35 historically significant buildings. Most of these are residences, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, of wood frame construction, and Greek Revival in style. Only two commercial buildings survived the 1927 flood. Prominent public buildings include the Baptist Meetinghouse (1844) and Second Congregational Church (1850), and Seminary Hall (1855), probably the village&#39;s most architecturally elaborate building.</p><br>
<p>The North Egremont Historic District is a historic district in Egremont, Massachusetts. It encompasses a crossroads village in the northern part of the town, where the north-south road, now Massachusetts Route 71, connects Kinderhook, New York to points further south, and the east-west road runs from Hillsdale, New York, toward Housatonic, Massachusetts. The district encompasses some 336 acre along these and other roadways near their junction. The oldest property in the area, a house, has elements dating to 1764, and the district includes three historic church buildings, the oldest being a significantly altered Baptist meetinghouse from 1816. The later churches are an 1887 Baptist church, built as a replacement for the first one, and a Methodist church built in the Renaissance Revival style in 1861. The only other notable institutional building is the wood frame clapboarded North Egremont School, built in 1880. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Northeast School  is a historic school building at 981 Summit Road in Richmond, Massachusetts. The one-room schoolhouse was built in 1820. The main portion of the building measures 24.5 by 23.5, and there is an extension on the north end that measures 16 by 169". The building was moved across the street from its original location in 1993. The basic construction was post and beam, and the building received significant restorative work in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse remained in use until 1937, when a new townwide school was opened. It was sold and used by farmer for storage and as a pighouse. In 1993 the Richmond Historical Society acquired the building, restored it, and moved it to its present location. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Old Central Fire Station is a historic fire station at 66 Allen Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It is located roughly behind the Old Town Hall in Pittsfield&#39;s Park Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The stations general location has been used since about 1844 as a site for fire companies. A previous building, located across the street, was destroyed by fire in 1859. After construction of this building in 1895 the old building housed the Veteran Firemans Association; it was demolished in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1895 to a design by E.J. Cowell, the city&#39;s building inspector. Cowell had a reputation as a designer of local houses. The building is constructed primarily of brick in a Richardsonian Romanesque style. It has four bays, and was the first city station capable of housing horses on its premises. The building was used as a fire station until 1976, and thereafter as a city vehicle storage facility.</p><br>
<p>The Old Central High School is a historic school building at 99 2nd Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1898, it is one of the most architecturally elaborate school buildings in the city. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is now residential housing.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pittsfield&#39;s Old Central High School is located northeast of the city center, on the east side of the old town common. It is a U-shaped 3-1/2 story masonry structure, finished primarily in cream-colored brick, with marble trim and terra cotta detailing. It has a hipped roof pierced by dormers, and is set on a high sandstone foundation. Its centered entrance is flanked by Corinthian columns and topped by a full entablature with balustrade. The interior design echoes the color schemes of the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the school stands was originally part of Pittsfields first cemetery, whose graves were relocated to the Pittsfield Cemetery on Wahconah Street between 1850 and 1872. When the citys previous high school burned down in 1895, the city held a design competition for its replacement. Of 130 designs submitted, the city selected one by the New York City firm of Pierce & Brun. It was completed in 1898 at a cost of $200,000, well over the $135,000 it had been estimated to cost. A new high school was built in 1931, after which this building became a junior high school. It sat vacant from 1953 to 1959, and in 1961 became the first home of Berkshire Community College. It has since been converted to residences.</p><br>
<p>Old Curtisville Historic District is a historic district in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The area is now known as Interlaken, due to its position between Stockbridge Bowl (originally Lake Mahkeenac) and Lake Averic (also known as Echo Lake), which is the town of Stockbridge&#39;s water supply. Massachusetts Route 183 transects the community north to south.</p><br>
<p>It is historically significant as the site of the first wood-based newsprint paper mill in the United States. The area has an industrial history dating back at least to 1782, when a grist mill and a saw mill were established on the brook flowing out of Stockbridge Bowl. Industrial development continued in the area through the first half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Among other noteworthy historic buildings are the Interlaken Congregatiional Church (1824), the Citizens Hall (1870), and the Bancroft-Curtisville Hotel, once the location of the St. Helens Home. The church and hotel are now private residences and the hall is the site of the IS 183 Art School of the Berkshires. St. Helens Home was sponsored by the New York Tribunes Fresh Air Fund in the opening decades of the twentieth century. The Fund enabled children from some of New York Citys poorest neighborhoods to experience several weeks of summer respite in rural locations in upstate New York and New England.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Hall is a historic building on Park Square in the heart of downtown Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Located at 32 East Street, on the corner with Allen Street, this 1832 building served for 135 years as the center of municipal government. Built in the Federal style to serve as the town hall, it became City Hall when Pittsfield became a city in 1891, serving in that role until 1968. It is the city&#39;s oldest municipal building.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pittsfields Old Town Hall is located on the north side of the citys Park Square, between the First Congregational Church and St. Stephen&#39;s Episcopal Church. It is a two-story masonry structure, built out of load-bearing brick that has been stuccoed and painted. It has a side-gable roof with a balustrade with alternating panels and baluster groups, and there is a slightly projecting center section on its front (south-facing) facade. This projecting section, three bays wide, is topped by a fully pedimented gable. Chimneys are located at the ends of the building. Windows are 16-over-12 sash, and the main entrance is topped by an eight-light transom.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built by the town in 1932, and served as town hall until 1891, when the town was rechartered as a city. It served as city hall until 1968, when city offices moved to their present facilities. In addition to housing city offices, the building has also housed post office facilities, banks, and served briefly as the county courthouse. The building received a major addition in 1896, but this was removed when the city offices were moved to the current city hall in 1968, and the building was restored to its earlier Federal appearance. The building now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Osborn House is a historic house off West Street in Mount Washington, Massachusetts. Built about 1759, it is a modest vernacular Georgian Cape style house. It is notable as a site where Shaker founder Mother Ann Lee stayed in 1781. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It is now owned by the state, and is located in Mount Washington State Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Osborn House is located down a long, wooded, and now abandoned, drive on the east side of West Road in central Mount Washington. It is located just to the east of a more modern house, now also abandoned. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a central chimney. Its exterior is devoid of significant stylistic elements. The interior has mainly 20th-century finishes, although the building&#39;s post and beam structure is visible. Its original two fireplaces have been replaced by a single one. The property includes an unmaintained orchard with trees estimated to be over 150 years old, and the Osborn family cemetery, located near West Street.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built not long after Benjamin Osborn bought a large tract of land here in 1759. Shaker founder Mother Ann Lee stayed at the farmhouse during her May 1781 missionary journey to Tucconack Mountain (renamed Mount Washington, following the American victory in American Revolutionary War). She is reported to have stayed in the area for about ten days, attracting large numbers of both sympathizers and detractors.</p><br>
<p>The house was acquired by the state in 1958, and is now part of Mount Washington State Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Park Square Historic District is a historic district in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The district is centered on the historic heart of Pittsfield encompassing a number city blocks adjacent to Park Square, which is at the junction of North, South, East, and West Streets.</p><br>
<p>When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the district encompassed the park and eight buildings that faced it, including the Old Town Hall, the county courthouse, the Berkshire Athaneum, and the First Church of Christ. In December 1991, the boundaries were expanded to the area roughly bounded by East Housatonic, South, North and Fenn Streets, and Wendell Avenue, adding 39 buildings to the district. Notable buildings included in this extension include the present City Hall (a repurposed post office building), the Berkshire Life Insurance Company Building, the Allen Hotel, the Berkshire Museum of Art and Natural History, and the Masonic temple.</p><br>
<p>Pettibone Farm is a historic farm on Old Cheshire Road north of the junction with Nobodys Road in Lanesborough, Massachusetts. It was the farmstead of Jonathan Pettibone, a leader of Lanesborough during the American Revolution. Pettibone purchased the property in 1768, and it remained in his family until 1865, when it was sold to Ira Jenks. The Jenks family owned it into the 20th century, when, after a succession of owners, it was acquired by the Schulman family. The Schulmans operate Camp Mohawk on the property.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the property is the farmhouse, which was built by Jonathan Pettibone, and went through numerous alterations in the 19th century, albeit without sacrificing much of its original Georgian and Federal period character. The farm complex, including the farmhouse and a number of mostly 19th century outbuildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Phillips Woolen Mill is a historic mill at 71 Grove Street in Adams, Massachusetts. The date of its oldest portions is difficult to assess: when it was cleary associated with the firm of Blackinton and Phillips in the 1850s, it may have already included portions of an earlier millworks on the site. Some portions of the mill show signs of Greek Revival architecture, which was no longer in fashion in the 1850s. Benjamion F. Phillips and Peter Blackinton engaged in a long-running series of partnerships, owning and operating mills in Adams. The partnership was dissolved in 1864, and Phillips took over what was known as the Greylock Woolen Mill. His enterprise manufactured "cashmeres, ladies&#39; dress goods, and shawls" in its facilities into the 1930s, although the company went through a variety of transformations, being known at the end as the Adams Woolen Manufacturing Company.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex was added to the National Historic Register in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Whittlesey Power House is a historic house located at 575 South Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Built about 1912, this Tudor Revival house and its landscaped setting are a rare local example of the country house style propounded by the English architect Edwin Lutyens. The house was built for Charles Whittlesey Power, a local businessman who also served one term as mayor of Pittsfield. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Power House stands south of downtown Pittsfield on the east side of South Street (United States Route 20), on more than 11 acre just north of the Pittsfield Country Club. It is a rambling 2-1/2 story brick structure, set on a granite foundation that is fully exposed on the eastern side due to the sloping lot. It is roughly L-shaped, with a landscaped circular drive providing access to the house at the crook of the L. Its exterior is characterized by a variety of dormers, projecting and recessed sections, and varying window sizes and shapes. The interior has Federal style fireplace mantels, and includes a basement-level billiard room with a quarry tile floor. A garage is attached, and there is a secondary automobile barn on the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1912 for Charles Wittlesey Power, a local businessman who also served one term as mayor of Pittsfield. The style and setting of the house are rare in Pittsfield, although was not uncommon in other areas. Although its architect is unknown, its location and setting follow principles promoted by the English architect Edwin Lutyens, who designed many English country houses.</p><br>
<p>Providence Court, previously St. Lukes Hospital, is a historic former hospital building at 379 East Street in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The Colonial Revival building was constructed in 1926, and was the first Roman Catholic hospital in Berkshire County. St. Lukes merged with Pittsfield General Hospital in 1967 to form Berkshire Medical Center, in the nation&#39;s first mergers between religious and non-sectarian hospitals. The building was converted into elderly housing in 1978-81. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Providence Court is located on the north side of East Street (Massachusetts Route 9), several blocks east of Pittsfield&#39;s central business district. It is a five story brick and stone structure, in a T shape with a horizontal block at the front and a long projecting wing to the rear of the center. It is basically Colonial/Georgian Revival in character, with limestone trim that includes corner quoining, window sills and keystones, and belt courses. The ground floor, essentially a raised basement, is finished in rusticated limestone, while the upper floors are predominantly in brick. The main entrance, set between the first and second levels, is sheltered by a limestone portico with Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<p>The Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield decided in 1916 to establish a hospital in Pittsfield, and dedicated a facility in two converted residences the following year. This space proving inadequate, the diocese purchased the Allen estate on East Street, and converted the estate house into a maternity ward. The present building was constructed on the grounds of the former Allen estate between 1923 and 1926, to design by ecclesiastical architect Jonathan William Donohue of Springfield. It was operated as St. Luke&#39;s Hospital until 1967, when it was merged with Pittsfield General Hospital to form what is now known as Berkshire Medical Center. The Pittsfield General facility was enlarged in 1976, and this building was closed. It was purchased by the local housing authority in 1978, and has been converted into elderly housing.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Furnace Historical and Archeological District is a historic industrial area located on State, Cone Hill, and Furnace Roads in Richmond, Massachusetts. The industrial history of the site dates to 1763 when the first grist and sawmills were built. In 1829, the first stone furnace was constructed for the production of iron from abundant hematite ore found nearby. It was rebuilt in 1863, and overhauled in 1905 to increase capacity. The area saw industrial iron production until 1923. The historic district also includes several other houses and buildings related to the iron works. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Richmond Furnace district is located in southern Richmond, in an area that is now almost entirely rural in character. It covers an area about 290 acre in size, that is roughly L-shaped. The vertical part of the L is organized around Furnace Brook, which flows roughly south on the east side of. Industrial remnants are found mainly on the east side of the brook, between Furnace Pond (whose dam is crossed by Pilgrim Road) and areas south of Furnace Road. The main furnace is located on private land between Furnace Lane, now a short spur with a few houses on it, and the brook. The base of the L extends further east from this area, including a few more houses and industrial remains, the most prominent a water-filled quarry on the north side of Furnace Road. The eastern extent of the district is on Cone Hill Road, where some industry-related housing stands, as does the Cone Hill Cemetery, where individuals associated with the works are buried. Surviving elements of worker and management housing are found on most of the named roads, with a cluster located on Route 43 near Pilgrim Road.</p><br>
<h2>Site history</h2><br>
<p>In 1829, brothers John H., Charles and George Coffing established the Richmond Iron Works on the site. The Coffings has previously worked at the Salisbury Iron Works in nearby Connecticut. In 1834, a second furnace, 32 feet high x 9.5 feet wide was built at Van Deusenville, in nearby Great Barrington. By 1855, the company used 9,000 tons of ore to produce 3,200 tons of iron.</p><br>
<p>The Van Deusenville furnace operated until 1896. It was dismantled in 1906. By 1908, the Richmond site had an annual capacity of 5,000 tons, and produced pig iron for car wheels and machinery. The main furnace was described at that time as measuring approximately 33 feet tall by 9.5 feet wide at its base.</p><br>
<p>Rock Ridge is a historic house at 48 Tyringham Road in Monterey, Massachusetts. Built in 1898, it is a well-preserved example of a turn-of-the-20th-century summer estate house. The Shingle style house was built in 1898 for Curtis Judd, an Illinois businessman who had grown up in the area. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rock Ridge is set on a knoll about 0.5 mi north of the village of Monterey. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a rubblestone foundation and an exterior clad in a combination of stone, wooden clapboards, and wooden shingles. It asymmetrical in layout with a gambrel roof, a conical turret, and an expansive porch wrapping around a large part of the house. The interior is virtually unaltered from its period of construction, including original wood finishes and wallpaper. Outbulidings on the property include a period carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1898 to a design by Illinois architect Norman Patton for Curtis Judd, a Chicago businessman who had grown up in nearby Lee. The home was judged one of the finest summer estate houses in The Berkshires at the time, and is one of a small number of such houses to survive in Monterey.</p><br>
<p>The Philemon Sage House is a historic house at 69 Sandy Brook Turnpike  in Sandisfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1799 and enlarged in 1827, it is a good local example of Federal period architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Philemon Sage House is located in a rural setting of southwestern Sandisfield, at the sothwest corner of Sandy Brook Turnpike and Rood Hill Road.</p><br>
<p>The ell of the house was built in 1799 by Philemon Sage, the son of Stephen Sage, one of Sandisfield&#39;s first settlers. Philemon Sage was a successful rural farmer, operating the tannery and a cheesemaking operation. He also served for a time as the town postmaster, operating the post office out of this house. The main block of the house he built in 1827 to house his large family. The house remained in his family until 1897.</p><br>
<p>Shadow Brook Farm Historic District is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. It is a historic district that includes six re-purposed farm buildings related to the former Shadowbrook mansion destroyed by fire in 1956. Designed by architect H. Neill Wilson with landscaping by Frederick Law Olmsted, the mansion and farm buildings were built for Anson Phelps Stokes in 1893. Andrew Carnegie acquired Shadowbrook in 1917 and died there in 1919. It served as a Jesuit novitiate from 1922 until 1970. Following the fire, a non-equivalent structure of the same name took its place. Today the historic district primarily encompasses Berkshire Country Day School, which acquired its campus from the Stokes family in 1963. The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Hawthorne originated the name "Shadow Brook" in reference to a small stream that lies to the west and south of the mansion site. Samuel Gray Ward in 1844 purchased land on the slopes of Baldhead and built a mansion near the site of what was to become Shadowbrook. Ward named his mansion Oakwood.</p><br>
<p>Stokes bought the property in 1892 along with additional land to the south and north, assembling an estate of 1,500 acre. The Oakwood building was demolished except for its east wing, and Stokes built his mansion on a ledge 100 yards (90 m) west and 30 feet (9 m) lower. The new structure, completed in 1893 at a cost of $500,000, was shaped like the letter L with its point aimed south and comprised two dominant styles involving English Tudor timbering and stone. The vista from the main house included an impressive view to the south of Stockbridge Bowl, West Stockbridge Mountain, Rattlesnake Hill, Monument Mountain and Mount Everett. Various timbered farm buildings were completed as part of the estate in the valley below, where members of the Stokes family continued to live at least until the 1950s. Anson Stokes crushed his leg in a riding accident on the property and, following its amputation, left the mansion for Darien, Connecticut, in 1898. The estate was mostly vacant until 1906, when it was sold to Spencer P. Shotter of New Orleans, who departed in 1912. The wife of a Vanderbilt family member leased the property briefly in 1916 following her husbands death, and the mansion was sold in 1917 by Potters debtors to Andrew Carnegie for $300,000.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie had purchased what was regarded at the time to be the second largest private residence in the United States. The estate was among the most prominent examples of the gilded age in the Berkshires. Carnegie died at Shadowbrook in 1919, and the Society of Jesus acquired the property three years later to serve as a novitiate for training Jesuit priests.</p><br>
<h3>Fire and later history</h3><br>
<p>Shadowbrooks main house was destroyed in a fire on March 9, 1956, that claimed the lives of four of its 150 residents. Two more residents subsequently died of injuries from the incident. Because of the buildings high cost for upkeep and other practical difficulties, architectural plans for its replacement had already been made prior to the fire. These designs were criticized by a number of senior Jesuit residents at the time, one of whom described the new building as "a monumental mediocrity."</p><br>
<p>The replacement building, 400 yard west of Shadowbrooks ruins, was completed and in use by 1958 "with a nondescript brick and concrete exterior and much painted cinderblock inside" according to Shea. An editors postscript to Shea&#39;s work notes that in 1970 the novitiate moved to the Boston area. The building then stood empty until 1983 when it was sold to a Hindu ashram that established the Kripalu Center, a yoga, health and wellness retreat center on the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 Francis X. Shea, a priest who had trained at Shadowbrook, wrote an account of the Shadowbrook mansion&#39;s history and its destruction which was published posthumously in 2009 by the Society of Jesus.</p><br>
<p>The Sheffield Center Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Sheffield, Massachusetts. The village extends linearly along United States Route 7, roughly between Maple Avenue and Berkshire School Road, and includes the towns major civic and religious buildings. The areas principal period of development was between 1760 and the 1890s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Sheffield is located in southwestern Massachusetts, just north of the border with Connecticut. Its first area of permanent European settlement, established in 1726, was in the Sheffield Plain area, north of the present center. A village developed there, and at Ashley Falls, several miles to the south. Wanting a more centrally-located meeting house, Sheffields citizens erected the present Old Parish Church near its current location in 1760. From this beginning, the center gradually grew in importance as the towns principal focus for civic, economic, and religious affairs.</p><br>
<p>The building that serves as town hall was built as a commercial building c. 1825 and acquired by the town in 1878; it is a fine Greek Revival stone structure with marble quoining. Other civic buildings include the library, Dewey Memorial Hall (a community center), the town&#39;s first high school, and the old Sheffield Academy building, which was originally in the Plain village. When the Housatonic Railroad was laid through the town in the 1840s, a station was placed in the center; the only surviving elements of this area freight house (still in its original location), and the passenger depot (relocated onto US 7). Most of the housing in the village is 2-1/2 story wood frame construction, in a diversity of 18th to late 19th century architectural styles. Three brick houses from the Georgian (18th century) period are notable for their state of preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Sheffield Plain Historic District encompassing the original 18th-century village center of Sheffield, Massachusetts. The linear district extends southward about 0.5 mi from the junction of United States Route 7 and Cook Road, where the original town common is located. The district was primarily developed in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Sheffield is located in southwestern Massachusetts, just north of the border with Connecticut. The Plains district is a particularly fertile intervale on the west side of the Housatonic River, which roughly bisects the town. This area was purchased from the local Mahicans in 1724, and the first settler, Matthew Noble, in about 1726 built the first house in what is now Sheffield roughly where Cook Street at US 7 meet; it survives as an ell to a later house. Development proceed gradually, with the north-south road (now US 7) as the main traffic artery. The towns first meeting house was probably built just west of the training ground (now the roughly triangular park bounded by Cook, US 7, and Old Mill Pond Road) in 1735. The home of Rev. Jonathan Hubbard, the communitys first minister, was built in 1740, and still stands as an ell to an 1810 house on US 7.</p><br>
<p>The area saw a second spurt of growth following the establishment of a turnpike in 1801, which generally followed the alignment of US 7. It had all the trappings of a town center, with shops and taverns, and the 1840 Sheffield Academy, a school whose building was later moved to Sheffield Center. The development of a railroad along the Housatonic River valley, however, spelled the end of the Plains importance, as the train station was located further south. The towns civic and religious focus moved to the Center, and little development has taken place in the district since the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s focal point is the triangular common at Cook Road and US 7. A linear collection of buildings extends southward on both sides of US 7 from that intersection, meeting more modern development about 0.5 mi to the south. All of the buildings are 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height and of wood frame construction, and are residential or residential-commercial in use. They are all typically vernacular interpretations of Georgian, Federal and Greek Revival styling, sometimes with modest Victorian embellishments that were added later.</p><br>
<p>The Col. Benjamin Simond House is a historic house at 643 Simonds Road in Williamstown, Massachusetts. The colonial style wood frame house was built in 1770 by Benjamin Simonds, a veteran of the French and Indian Wars, who was one of Williamstown&#39;s early settlers. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and now houses a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Simonds was in the military from his teens until his later years. He served in the French and Indian Wars and American Revolutionary War. At age 19, he was captured by the French at Fort Massachusetts, near North Adams, Massachusetts, and held as a prisoner of war in Quebec City. Many he was captured with died, and of the ones who lived, Simonds was the only captive who returned to the area.</p><br>
<p>The South Center School House is a historic one-room school house on Washington Mountain Road in Washington, Massachusetts. Built in 1880, it is the town&#39;s only surviving district school building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The South Center School House is located on the north side of Washington Mountain Road, roughly midway between the towns Upper and Lower, and just south of the roads crossing of Savery Brook. It is a small rectangular wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboard siding, and rubblestone foundation. Its main (southeast facing) facade has an off-center entry with a broad lintel, a small 2-over-2 window just to its right, and a small round window in the gable above. The side facades each have two sash windows. The interior of the building houses two small cloakrooms and a single classroom.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1880 at the site of the towns first school for $300, and was one of the towns seven district schools. Washington&#39;s population was in a period of decline in the early 20th century, and the school closed in 1922. It then stood vacant for many years, and was restored by the local historic commission in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The South Egremont Village Historic District encompasses most of the village of South Egremont, Massachusetts, a well-preserved village whose architecture has seen relatively little alteration since the 1840s. It is located along Massachusetts Route 23 in the plains east of the Taconic Mountains. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Egremont was first settled beginning in the late 1730s, and was incorporated in 1761. The south village, located in a plain east of the Taconic Mountains, developed early as an agricultural village, with the waters of Karner Brook providing power for a sawmill in 1780. The village received an economic boost when the state of Massachusetts built a turnpike (now Massachusetts Route 23) through the area in 1801. This helped the village develop as a stopping point for travelers, and encouraged several small industries, most notably the manufacture of shoes and carriage axles, to develop along Karner Brook. In 1832 the Mt. Everett Academy opened in the village as the towns first secondary school; its surviving Greek Revival building is one of the finest of the type in the village, and later also served as the town hall and library. The village was economically stable in the second half of the 19th century, and declined economically in the early 20th century. Its fortunes were revived in the 1930s as a tourist destination by Hugh Smiley, who founded Olde Egremont as a vehicle to preserve the villages mid-19th century streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Massachusetts Route 23 from its western junction with Massachusetts Route 41 in the west to its junction with the Sheffield-Egremont Road in the east, including a few buildings on adjacent roadways. This street alignment is roughly that of the 1801 turnpike, and is remarkably faithful to its appearance in 1844. On a map produced in that year there were 55 buildings, of which 44 are still standing, with only five subsequent additions to the village. In addition to the academy building, prominent buildings include the Egremont Village Inn (1780; moved 1801 to be closer to the turnpike), the 1832-33 Congregational church, whose horse sheds also survive nearby, and the 1825 South Egremont Store. Of the district&#39;s historic industries, only the mill pond, dam and raceway survive at the western end of the village.</p><br>
<p>The South Lee Historic District encompasses the historic portion of the village of South Lee in Lee, Massachusetts. Extending mainly along Massachusetts Route 102  between Fairview Street and the Stockbridge town line, the village is a well-preserved 19th-century mill village, with fine Federal and Greek Revival buildings and a later 19th-century paper mill. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Lee was settled in 1760, comparatively later than neighboring towns, and was incorporated in 1777. South Lee was a remote outpost off major roads until the Housatonic River Turnpike was built in 1806 by Col. Joseph Whiton, who had in 1794 built the house now known as the Merrell Tavern. Whiton was a major early economic force in the village, operating a sawmill, forge, and brickyard. Now on a major east-west route, and close to what became a major north-south route (now United States Route 7), the village soon grew as a travelers stop and civic center. Industry also developed, with one of the first paper mills in the Berkshires opened on the banks of the Housatonic River in 1806, joined later by other industries. The railroads arrival in 1848 spurred further development, including the construction of a large paper mill by the Hurlbuts in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Pleasant Street from the Stockbridge town line in the west to Fairview Street in the east, and for a short distance along the latter roadway. This area is hemmed in by the Housatonic River and Bear Mountain in the south, and a relatively steep ridge in the north. Most of the architecture is wood-frame residential, although three early Federal period buildings are of brick, including the Merrell Tavern, the villages oldest surviving building. The most common styles found in the village are Federal and Greek Revival, reflecting the villages period of growth in the first half of the 19th century. Archaeological resources in the district include remnants of some of its 19th century industrial complexes.</p><br>
